ESP32: app development

• 1: Getting started
• 1.1: Your first egg
• 2: USB-serial connection
• 3: API reference
• 3.1: Display
• 3.2: Buttons
• 3.3: System
• 3.4: Appconfig
• 3.5: Audio
• 3.6: HID Keyboard & Mouse
• 3.7: Keypad
• 3.8: MIDI Music Controller
• 3.9: Touchpads
• 3.10: ugTTS Text-to-Speech
• 3.11: WiFi
• 3.12: Terminal
• 3.13: Machine
• 3.13.1: Non Volatile Storage
• 3.13.2: The I2C bus
• 3.13.3: Pin: direct GPIO control
• 3.14: _buttons
• 3.15: consts
• 3.16: eink
• 3.17: erc12864
• 3.18: esp32_ulp
• 3.19: espnow
• 3.20: hub75
• 3.21: keyboard
• 3.22: mpu6050
• 3.23: neopixel
• 3.24: opus
• 3.25: rgb
• 3.26: samd
• 3.27: sndmixer
• 3.28: ssd1306
• 3.29: umqtt
• 3.30: ussl
• 3.31: voltages
• 4: Jupyter Notebook

1 - Getting started

One of the aims of the Badge.team project is to ensure that as many people as possible can develop software for the platform. This ensures that badges and other hardware running our firmware are more likely to have a life beyond the event for which they were created.

The problem with many event badges has been that the learning curve for new developers is too steep and the acceptance process for new software too difficult. When detailed knowledge of a toolchain is required to write code and each addition must wait to be built into a fresh badge firmware update, most would-be developers go away and enjoy the event instead.

With an online app store we refer to as the hatchery and MicroPython apps we refer to as eggs, publishing new software for badges running our firmware is a much simpler process.

Not everybody is immediately familiar with a new platform though, so to help with your first badge egg we’ve created this tutorial. The aim is not to teach you Python but to introduce you to the structure of an extremely basic egg as well as get you going with the user interface. We’ll be following the time-honoured tradition of introducing you to badge programming with a “Hello world” egg.

Connecting to your badge

First make sure you’re able to connect to your badge. The exact driver needed for the USB to serial bridge on your badge differs. Make sure to follow the guide for your specific badge.

After you have installed the correct driver you can connect to your badge using a terminal emulation program.

For Windows we recommend either TeraTerm or Putty).

Connect to your badge at 115200 baud. After waking up your badge from sleep mode you should be presented with a menu. You can wake your badge up from sleep mode either by pressing or touching a button or by pressing the RESET button (if available).

After you’ve succesfully connected to your badge you can continue your quest by creating your first egg, click here!.

Which type of badge do you have?

The different badges do not all have exactly the same hardware, so there are some slight differences in the setup process.

Please click on the badge you have to go to the getting started guide for your badge.

Badge
CampZone 2020
Disobey 2020	(Secret!)
CampZone 2019
HackerHotel 2019
Disobey 2019
SHA2017

1.1 - Your first egg

In this tutorial you will create an app which displays “Hello, world!” on the display of your badge, while reacting to input from the buttons on your badge.

Executing code

After you connect to your badge (and wake it up) you will be greeted by the built in menu. Selecting the “Python shell” menu option and pressing RETURN to accept you will be greeted by a prompt.

On this shell you can type python commands like you would on a computer. For example you could enter print("Hello, world!") to have your badge echo that same text back to you.

Should you want to paste bigger chuncks of code at once then you can use the builtin “paste mode” to do so. You can access this mode by pressing CTRL+E on your keyboard. You can then press CTRL+D to execute the pasted code or press CTRL+C to cancel.

Pressing CTRL+D outside of paste mode will reboot your badge, returning you back to the menu. Pressing CTRL+C outside of paste mode will stop the currently running command or app and return to the shell.

The display

To display text, images, shapes or other graphics on the display of your badge you use the display API.

The following example code demonstrates how to display some text on the display of your badge. It consists of four commands.

First we import the display library, allowing us to use the functions of this library in our app.

Then we fill the display with white (0xFFFFFF) and draw on top using black (0x000000). These colors are in RGB24 format, which is also commonly used for web-development. If you never heard of colors in the #000000 format then you might want to look up a tutorial on web colors first.

Even after filling the screen with white and drawing some text the display hasn’t been updated, it will still be showing whatever it did before we started… To send the buffer we just manipulated to the display you use the flush command. This way of working allows you to assemble an image before updating the screen.

import display

# Fill the framebuffer with white
display.drawFill(0xFFFFFF)

# Draw text at (0,0) in black using the 'PermanentMarker22' font
display.drawText(0,0,"Hello, world!", 0x000000, "PermanentMarker22")

# Flush the contents of the framebuffer to the display
display.flush()

Depening on your badge it might be wise to use a smaller font to test with, for example the 7x5 font.

import display
display.drawFill(0xFFFFFF)
display.drawText(0,0,"Hello, world!", 0x000000, "7x5")
display.flush()

Buttons

For working with the buttons on your badge you use the buttons library.

Each button can be attached to a function with the following structure: def myCallback(pressed):. The argument is True when the function was called because the button was pressed and False when the function was called because the buttton got released.

You can assign a function to each button separately using buttons.attach(<button>, <function>).

The following demonstration code shows how to react to a button:

import buttons

def myCallback(pressed):
	if pressed:
		print("Button callback: pressed!")
	else:
		print("Button callback: released!")

buttons.attach(buttons.BTN_A, myCallback)

Combining the two!

import display, buttons

def message(text):
	print(text)
	display.drawFill(0xFFFFFF)
	display.drawText(0,0, text, 0x000000, "7x5")
	display.flush()

def myCallback(pressed):
	if pressed:
		message("Pressed!")
	else:
		message("Released!")

buttons.attach(buttons.BTN_A, myCallback)

message("Press the A button!")

If your badge does not have the A button then you can substitute that button with any other button. The Python prompt on your badge has tab completion. Just enter buttons.BTN_ and press TAB on your keyboard for a list of available buttons.

And further?

Documenting is hard and a very slow process for us hackers. Therefore we suggest you take a look at one of the many apps published in the Hatchery to gain some inspiration and to publish your own app.

2 - USB-serial connection

You can communicate with your badge when it is not sleeping.

You can use a terminal application such as picocom to start talking to your badge. Hit ‘?’ to open the text menu, which you can use to enter a micropython shell.

You can use tools like ampy and mpfshell to transfer files between your PC and the badge, and execute python code from there. Sometimes you need a couple attempts for a request to succeed.

3 - API reference

Welcome to the API reference for the Badge.team platform firmware.

This reference describes all officially supported APIs of our platform. We try to keep these APIs as stable as possible. There are many more (undocumented) APIs in the firmware, all of which may change at any time!

Our platform firmware uses MicroPython at it’s core. Most of the libraries and APIs from the upstream MicroPython project are available in the Badge.team firmware.

The MicroPython documentation describes the builtin libraries and functions.

Specifically, the MicroPython core in our firmware is based on the ESP32 port of MicroPython by Loboris. He changed some parts of MicroPython to suit the ESP32 better. The wiki of his project describes the changes he made.

We have made a lot of changes on top of the work done by Loboris. We’ve added some badge specific APIs, a brand new framebuffer system for displaying graphics and drivers for the hardware specific to the supported badges.

By doing this we aim to take the resource intensive parts of driving the hardware to the C level beneath Python. This allows for a much more speedy experience and a lot more possibilities and flexibility.

Things to keep in mind while looking up documentation

• There is currently no API available for directly controlling the SPI bus(ses) of your badge from within Python.
• I2C should be used with caution as the I2C bus on most badges is used for system peripherals as well.
• The Neopixel (LED) driver differs greatly from the neopixel API in the Loboris port.
• The Display driver differs greatly from the display API in the Loboris port.

If you want to help with firmware development please tell us! We’re always happy to accept PRs and improvements.

Should you have ideas, problems or observations but no means to act on them then you can always create an issue on Github.

Badge.team platform APIs

APIs that differ from their upstream counterparts

• The machine API: for directly controlling some hardware features and busses of your badge

Other libraries and APIs

This section lists most of the other libraries that you can use in your apps.

Utilities

3.1 - Display

The display module is available on platforms which have the framebuffer driver enabled. It allows for controlling the display of your device.

Available on:    ✅ CampZone 2020    ✅ Disobey 2020    ✅ CampZone 2019    ✅ HackerHotel 2019
✅ Disobey 2019    ✅ SHA2017

Reference

* This command is only available if you run a firmware with graphics acceleration, and the respective part enabled in the component config under Driver: framebuffer. Currently, badges have these features disabled by default.

Color representation

Colors are always represented in 24-bit from within Python, in the 0xRRGGBB format. This matches HTML/CSS colors which are #RRGGBB as well.

Devices with a smaller colorspace will not actually store the exact color information provided. For displays with a color depth of less than 24-bit the display driver will automatically mix down the colors to the available color depth. This means that even if you have a black and white display 0x000000 is black and 0xFFFFFF is white.

Examples

Setting one pixel

import display
x = 2
y = 3
display.drawPixel(x, y, 0x00FF00)  # Set one pixel to 100% green
display.flush() # Write the contents of the buffer to the display

Drawing a line

import display
display.drawFill(0x000000) # Fill the screen with black
display.drawLine(10, 10, 20, 20, 0xFFFFFF) # Draw a white line from (10,10) to (20,20)
display.flush() # Write the contents of the buffer to the display

Drawing a line using pixels:

import display, time
display.drawFill(display.BLACK) # Fill the screen with black before drawing the line
display.flush() # Write the color to the screen before drawing the line
for i in range(80): # Loop for the X axis
    display.drawPixel(i, 1, 0x00FF00) # Set 1 pixel on the X axis i, and the Y axis 1 to 100% green 
    display.flush() # Write the pixel output to the screen
    time.sleep(0.050) # Sleep for 50 milliseconds as to show the line being drawn

Drawing text

import display
display.drawFill(0x000000) # Fill the screen with black
display.drawText(10, 10, "Hello world!", 0xFFFFFF, "permanentmarker22") # Draw the text "Hello world!" at (10,10) in white with the PermanentMarker font with size 22
display.flush() # Write the contents of the buffer to the display

Drawing a rectangle

import display
display.drawFill(0x000000) # Fill the screen with black
display.drawRect(10, 10, 10, 10, False, 0xFFFFFF) # Draw the border of a 10x10 rectangle at (10,10) in white
display.drawRect(30, 30, 10, 10, True, 0xFFFFFF) # Draw a filled 10x10 rectangle at (30,30) in white
display.flush() # Write the contents of the buffer to the display

Spinning a box

Note: as described earlier, matrix transformations are not enabled in the firmware by default

import display, math
# Note: radians are an angle unit where PI (math.pi) is half a rotation
display.clearMatrix() # Clear the matrix stack, just in case it wasn't already
display.translate(display.width() / 2, display.height() / 2) # Go to the middle of the screen
    # Everything is now offset as if the middle of the screen is X/Y (0, 0)
while True:
    display.drawFill(0xffffff) # Fill the screen with white
    display.rotate(math.pi * 0.1) # This will continually rotate the screen by a small amount
    display.drawRect(-20, -20, 40, 40, True, 0x000000) # Simply draw a rectangle, which will then spin
    display.flush() # Flush, show everything

Spinning text

Note: as described earlier, matrix transformations are not enabled in the firmware by default

Similarly to spinning a box, you can also spin text this way.

import display, math
# Note: radians are an angle unit where PI (math.pi) is half a rotation
text = "Well hello there!" # Whatever you want to show
font = "7x5" # Pick a font
scale = 2 # You can scale text, too!
display.clearMatrix() # Clear the matrix stack, just in case it wasn't already
display.translate(display.width() / 2, display.height() / 2) # Go to the middle of the screen
    # Everything is now offset as if the middle of the screen is X/Y (0, 0)
while True:
    display.drawFill(0xffffff) # Fill the screen with white
    display.rotate(math.pi * 0.1) # This will continually rotate the screen by a small amount
    textWidth = display.getTextWidth(text, font) # Get the size so we can center the text
    textHeight = display.getTextHeight(text, font)
    display.pushMatrix() # Save the transformation for later
    display.scale(scale, scale) # Scale the text
    display.translate(-textWidth / 2, -textHeight / 2) # Move the canvas so the text is centered
        # It is important you scale first, then translate
    display.drawText(0, 0, text, 0x000000, font) # Spinny texts
    display.popMatrix() # Restore the transformation
    display.flush() # Flush, show everything

More complex graphics

Note: as described earlier, matrix transformations are not enabled in the firmware by default

Now you’ve spun a box and some text, what about something more complicated?
Let’s say we draw a boat on a wave!

First, we draw the boat using some shapes:

import display, math

def drawBoat():
    display.pushMatrix()
    drawBoatBottom(0x000000)
    display.translate(-4, 0) # Move just a little so the mast lines up nicely
    drawBoatMast(0x000000, 0x000000)
    display.popMatrix()

def drawBoatMast(mastColor, flagColor):
    # The points drawn, by place:
    # 0--1
    # |  |
    # |  6
    # |  |\
    # |  5-4
    # |  |
    # 3--2
    x0, y0 = 0, -23
    x1, y1 = 3, -23
    x2, y2 = 3, 0
    x3, y3 = 0, 0
    x4, y4 = 12, -10
    x5, y5 = 3, -10
    x6, y6 = 3, -20
    display.drawQuad(x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, mastColor) # This is the mast: points 0, 1, 2, 3
    display.drawTri(x4, y4, x5, y5, x6, y6, flagColor) # This is the flag: points 4, 5, 6

def drawBoatBottom(color):
    # The points drawn, by place:
    # 0--------1
    #  \      /
    #   3----2
    x0, y0 = -20, 0
    x1, y1 = 20, 0
    x2, y2 = 16, 8
    x3, y3 = -16, 8
    display.drawQuad(x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, color)

Now, to test your boat drawing action:

import display, math

# Put the boat drawing functions here

display.clearMatrix() # Don't forget
display.translate(30, 30) # Move to where you want to draw the boat
display.drawFill(0xffffff) # Clear the screen once more
drawBoat() # Draw the boat of course
display.flush() # Flush display; boat is now visible

Then, we’ll draw a wave and a sun:

import display, math

def drawSun(color): # Draws the sun with a circle and some lines
    display.pushMatrix()
    display.translate(-3, -3 - display.height()) # This is where the sun will orbit around
        # We do - display.height() here because we set the origin to be at the bottom of the screen earlier
    display.drawCircle(0, 0, 30, 0, 360, True, color) # The sun
    display.rotate(sunOffset)
    for i in range(20): # Draw lines as the sun's rays
        display.rotate(math.pi / 10)
        display.drawLine(0, 35, 0, 45, color)
    display.popMatrix()

# For good measure.
display.clearMatrix()

display.translate(0, display.height())

sunOffset = 0
offset = 0
boatX = display.width() / 6
boatAngle = 0
boatY = 0

while True:
    display.drawFill(0xffffff)
    drawSun(0x000000) # Draw the sun
    for i in range(display.width()): # Draw the waves by plotting points
        wave = math.sin((i + offset) * math.pi / 35) * 8 - 35
        display.drawPixel(i, wave, 0x000000)
        if i & 1:
            for j in range(round(wave - 1) | 1, 0, 2):
                display.drawPixel(i, j + ((i >> 1) & 1) + 1, 0x000000)
    offset += 8 # Move the waves over by a bit
    sunOffset += math.pi * 0.025 # Spin the sun by a bit
    display.flush()

Finally, you can draw the boat on the wave, by adding some code:

while True:
    display.drawFill(0xffffff)
    drawSun(0x000000)
    for i in range(display.width()):
        wave = math.sin((i + offset) * math.pi / 35) * 8 - 35
        display.drawPixel(i, wave, 0x000000)
        if i & 1:
            for j in range(round(wave - 1) | 1, 0, 2):
                display.drawPixel(i, j + ((i >> 1) & 1) + 1, 0x000000)
    # vvvv HERE vvvv
    display.pushMatrix() # Save the transformation, we're going to mess with it
    waterLevelBeforeBoat = math.sin((boatX + 2 + offset) * math.pi / 35) * 8 - 35
    boatY = math.sin((boatX + offset) * math.pi / 35) * 8 - 35
        # Calculate the two water levels, one at and one before the boat
        # By doing this, we know how and where to position the boat
    boatAngle = math.atan2(waterLevelBeforeBoat - boatY, 2) # Using atan2 to find the angle required to rock the boat with the wave
    display.translate(boatX, boatY - 6) # Now, position the boat
    display.rotate(boatAngle)
    drawBoat() # And draw the boat
    display.popMatrix() # Undo our changes to the transformation
    # ^^^^ HERE ^^^^
    offset += 8
    sunOffset += math.pi * 0.025
    display.flush()

The source code for the boat can be found here: gist: boat.py

Available fonts:

The fonts in the latest firmware can be obtained from the sourcecode.

Known problems

• Rotation of the contents of windows does not work correctly in combination with rotation of the screen itself
• There is no method available to list the fonts available on your platform
• There is no method for providing a custom font
• There is no anti-aliassing support

3.2 - Buttons

The buttons API allows you to read the state of the buttons on a badge. This API encapsulates the drivers for different button types.

Badge support

This API is currently supported on the following badges:

• SHA2017
• Hackerhotel 2019
• Disobey 2019
• CampZone 2019
• Disobey 2020
• Fri3dcamp 2018

Support for GPIO buttons and touch-buttons via the MPR121 touch controller IC are supported. Touch buttons using the touch button features of the ESP32 can not be used (yet).

Reference

Button availability per badge

Default callback per button

Callback implementation:

to use the buttons, you need to implement a callback function:

import buttons, display # Imports 2 libraries to use the buttons, the display library, as well as the buttons library
def on_action_btn(pressed): # Defines a function on_action_btn with the required parameter pressed
    if pressed: # Uses an if statement to check if the button has been pressed
        display.drawFill(display.BLACK) # If the button is pressed, sets the screen to black
        display.drawText(10,10,"Hack The Planet!!!", display.GREEN, "roboto_regular18") # Draws text if the button is pressed
        display.flush() # Flushes the screen to draw the text and color onto the screen
buttons.attach(buttons.BTN_A, on_action_btn) # Assigns the function on_action_btn to the A button

3.3 - System

The system API allows you to control basic features your app needs to provide a smooth experience to the user.

Reference

Examples

Starting an app

import system
system.start("2048") # Start the 2048 app (fails if this app has not been installed)

Going back to the launcher

import system
system.launcher()

Going back to the homescreen

import system
system.home()

Restarting the current app

import system
system.reboot()

Sleep for 60 seconds, then return to the current app

import system
system.sleep(60000)

Querying the name of the currently running app

import system
appName = system.currentApp()
if not appName:
	print("This code is running either in the shell or in the boot context")
else:
	print("Currently running app: "+appName)

3.4 - Appconfig

The appconfig API apps to register their user-configurable settings. By using this API, app settings are shown in the Settings page of the WebUSB website for supported badges.

Available on:    ✅ CampZone 2020

Example

import appconfig

settings = appconfig.get('my_app_slug_name', {'option_1': 'defaultvalue', 'awesomeness': 1337, 'option_3': [1,2,3]})
mynumber = settings['awesomeness']

Reference

3.5 - Audio

The audio API allows you to easily play audio files or stream URLs (.mp3, .wav, and modtracker .mod, .s3m, .xm). It is a wrapper around sndmixer, which can do much more but is a bit more verbose.

Available on:    ✅ CampZone 2020

Example

import audio

channel_id = audio.play('/apps/myapp/doom.mp3', volume=150)

Reference

Known problems

• Due to a bug in (presumably) our MicroPython version, stopping audio playback from a streaming URL causes a freeze in the MicroPython task. Therefore, you have to reboot your badge before you can play a different URL.
• The current implementation can play around 4 wav files or 2 mp3 files at the same time without glitches or slowdowns. Any more can cause noticable artifacts.

3.6 - HID Keyboard & Mouse

The HID API allows you to make your CampZone 2020 badge act like a keyboard and mouse over USB. You can use it to type text, press key combinations, and click or move the mouse cursor.

Available on:    ✅ CampZone 2020

Example

import hid, keycodes

hid.keyboard_type("Cyber")

Reference

You can learn more in-depth about how this module works by checking out its source here

A more complex example

import hid, keycodes, time

# Presses ctrl+alt+delete
keys = bytes([keycodes.DELETE])
modifier = bytes([keycodes.MOD_LEFT_CONTROL & keycodes.MOD_LEFT_ALT])
hid.keyboard_press_keys(keys, modifier)
time.sleep(0.1)
hid.keyboard_release()

Known problems

• The USB mouse interface is not yet present in the firmware at time of writing. A future Over-the-Air update will include it.

3.7 - Keypad

The keypad API allows you to call functions when someone presses a button on the silicone keypad of their CampZone 2020 badge.

Available on:    ✅ CampZone 2020

Example

import keypad

def on_key(key_index, is_pressed):
    # Print to the serial port when a button is pressed or released
    print('Key ' + key_index + ': ' + is_pressed)

keypad.add_handler(on_key)

Reference

3.8 - MIDI Music Controller

The MIDI API allows you to make your CampZone 2020 badge act like a MIDI music controller over USB. You can use it to play music on your computer, or control music making programs like Ableton Live.

Available on:    ✅ CampZone 2020

Example

import midi, time

midi.note_on(midi.CENTRAL_C)
time.sleep(1)
midi.note_off(midi.CENTRAL_C)
midi.note_on(midi.CENTRAL_C+2) # D note (C plus two half tones)
time.sleep(1)
midi.note_off(midi.CENTRAL_C+2)

Reference

The CampZone 2020 hardware supports not only MIDI OUT, but also IN. This means you can receive messages from e.g. your audio program. Ableton Live uses this to command the LEDs on MIDI controllers. However, there is currently no Python API for this yet. It may be included in a future Over-the-Air update.

3.9 - Touchpads

The touchpads API allows you to call functions when someone presses a touchpad.

Available on:    ✅ CampZone 2020

Example

import touchpads

def on_left(is_pressed):
    print('Left button: ' + is_pressed)

def on_ok(is_pressed):
    print('OK button: ' + is_pressed)

touchpads.on(touchpads.LEFT, on_left)
touchpads.on(touchpads.OK, on_ok)

Reference

3.10 - ugTTS Text-to-Speech

The ugTTS API allows you to turn text into synthesized speech by querying Google Translate over WiFi. Either save it as an mp3 file, or play it directly. This module is based on the popular gTTS library.

Available on:    ✅ CampZone 2020

Example

import wifi, ugTTS

wifi.connect()
if not wifi.wait():
    print('Oh no panic no WiFi')
    import system; system.launcher()

ugTTS.speak('This is a test')  # Plays over speakers
ugTTS.text_to_mp3('This is a test too', '/cache/test_speech.mp3')  # Saves to file for later playback

ugTTS.speak("Slaap kindje slaap", lang='nl') # Dutch
ugTTS.speak("Dommage", lang='fr', volume=100) # French and set volume

Reference

Known problems

• There is a finite length for the text before Google starts rejecting it.
• We don’t expose the interface to set details like speech speed. Pull requests welcome.

3.11 - WiFi

The wifi API allows you to connect to WiFi networks easily.

Available on:    ✅ CampZone 2020    ✅ Disobey 2020    ✅ CampZone 2019    ✅ HackerHotel 2019
✅ Disobey 2019    ✅ SHA2017

Example

import wifi
wifi.connect() # Connect to the WiFi network using the stored credentials
if not wifi.wait():
	print("Unable to connect to the WiFi network.")
else:
	print("You are now connected to WiFi!")

Reference

Wait, is that all you can do with WiFi?!

No, of course not. The whole network API from the mainline MicroPython project is available on the Badge.team firmware. Here are some examples for doing the stuff you’re probably looking for:

Connecting to a WiFi network, the hard way…

import network, machine, time

# First we fetch the stored WiFi credentials
ssid = machine.nvs_getstr("system", "wifi.ssid")
password = machine.nvs_getstr("system", "wifi.password")

# Create the station (WiFi client) interface
sta_if = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF)

# Activate the station interface
sta_if.active(True)

# Connect using the credentials
if ssid and password:
	sta_if.connect(ssid, password) # Secured WiFi network
elif ssid: # Password is None
	sta_if.connect(ssid) # Open WiFi network
else:
	print("ERROR: no SSID provided. Please configure WiFi (or manually set the variables at the top of this example)")

wait = 50 # 50x 100ms = 5 seconds
while not sta_if.isconnected() and wait > 0:
	wait -= 1
	time.sleep(0.1) # Wait 100ms

if sta_if.isconnected():
	print("Connected!")
	ip_addr, netmask, gateway, dns_server = sta_if.ifconfig()
	print("My IP address is '{}', with netmask '{}'.".format(ip_addr, netmask))
	print("The gateway is at '{}' and the DNS server is at '{}'.".format(gateway, dns_server))
else:
	print("Failed to connect to the WiFi network.")

Scanning for networks

import network
sta_if = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF)
sta_if.active(True)
data = sta_if.scan()
for item in data:
	print("SSID: {}, BSSID: {}. CHANNEL: {}, RSSI: {}, AUTHMODE: {} / {}, HIDDEN: {}".format(item[0], item[1], item[2], item[3], item[4], item[5], item[6]))

Creating an access-point

import network
ap_if = network.WLAN(network.AP_IF)
ap_if.config(essid="badgeNetwork", authmode=network.AUTH_WPA2_PSK, password="helloworld") # Create a network called "badgeNetwork" with password "helloworld"
ap_if.active(True)

Note: if you get “unknown error 0x000b” after running the config command then the password you chose is too short.

More information

We used the loboris micropython fork (<- link) as the core of our badge firmware. The network API comes directly from his project.

The API looks a lot like the official MicroPython network API (<- link).

3.12 - Terminal

The term API allows you to make more advanced use of the serial console.

Reference

3.13 - Machine

The machine API makes it possible to access certain hardware interfaces directly, allowing for example direct control of GPIOs, busses (I2C) and other interfaces.

This API is variation on the standard MicroPython machine API which has been extended and modified.

Not all features described in the official MicroPython documentation are available on the Badge.team platform firmware. And additionally some functions will differ in syntax from the official MicroPython for ESP32 firmware.

Non Volitile Storage (NVS)

The NVS functions allow for storage and retrieval of small amounts of data to be stored. This API is used to access WiFi credentials and other system information and can be used to manipulate system settings as well as for storing settings specific to your app.

Direct GPIO control

The Pin API can be used to directly control GPIOs of your badge.

I2C bus

The machine API for I2C allows you to control the system I2C bus of your badge, the I2C bus exposed on the SAO, Grove, Qwiic or other extension ports as well as a second I2C bus on any two broken out GPIOs of your choice.

SPI bus

Direct control over the SPI bus is currently not supported on the Badge.team platform firmware. Sorry!

3.13.1 - Non Volatile Storage

This page describes the Non-Volatile-Storage (NVS) functions of the machine API. This NVS is used to store settings such as WiFi credentials and your nickname.

The NVS storage is a function of the ESP-IDF which allows for settings to be stored in a special partition on the flash of the ESP32 and is ment for small quantities of data. If you want to store large(er) amounts of data we suggest you use the filesystem functions of MicroPython to store your data on the FAT partition instead.

Reference

NVS settings used by the firmware

The following list describes the settings stored by the Badge.team firmware.

NVS settings for your app

Please use the slug name of your app as the name of the space used to store your settings.

Examples

Nickname

Reading the nickname

import nvs
nickname = nvs.nvs_getstr("owner", "nickname")
print("Your nickname is '{}'!".format(nickname))

Setting the nickname

import nvs
nvs.nvs_setstr("owner", "nickname", "Badge.team")

3.13.2 - The I2C bus

The machine API for I2C allows you to control the system I2C bus of your badge, the I2C bus exposed on the SAO, Grove, Qwiic or other extension ports as well as a second I2C bus on any two broken out GPIOs of your choice.

The ESP32 has two I2C controllers, each of which can be set to master or slave mode. Most of our badges use one of these I2C controllers for their internal I2C bus. You can take control over this system I2C bus using the machine API without directly causing issues but be adviced that doing this might possibly disrupt communications with one or more system components like the touch-button controller IC or the display.

Alternatively you can use the I2C API to define a secondary I2C bus on any two broken out GPIO pins.

Direct I2C access

The firmware contains a second API for working with the system I2C bus, allowing you to directly call some ESP-IDF I2C functions from within MicroPython.

(to-do)

Using the MicroPython machine.I2C API

While the directly exposed functions do already allow you to control i2c devices it is also possible to use the MicroPython I2C API on the same bus, simply by creating the bus using the exact settings used by the firmware itself.

The following snippet redefines i2c to be the MicroPython variant of the API instead of our direct functions. This snippet should work on all badges since it automatically uses the right pins for SDA and SCL as well as the correct bus speed for the board you are using.

import i2c, machine
i2c = machine.I2C(sda=machine.Pin(i2c.GPIO_SDA), scl=machine.Pin(i2c.GPIO_CLK), freq=i2c.SPEED)

If your board does not have a system I2C bus or if you want to use separate GPIOs for connecting your I2C device then you can also define a custom I2C interface on pins you choose. Keep in mind that the ESP32 can handle up to two I2C busses at once so if the firmare itself uses one then you can create only one custom i2c bus interface.

import machine
my_i2c_interface = machine.I2C(sda=machine.Pin(22), scl=machine.Pin(21), freq=100000)

3.13.3 - Pin: direct GPIO control

Direct GPIO control

The machine.Pin API allows you to directly control GPIOs of the ESP32 on your badge.

Please check the schematics of your badge before using this API. If you configure the GPIOs of the ESP32 in a wrong way your might cause your badge to crash, stop responding or even permanently damage it. Be carefull!

Basic digital input

from machine import Pin
myInput = Pin(0) # GPIO0 (exposed as the "flash" button on most badges)
value = myInput.value()
print("The value of GPIO0 is {}.".format(value))

Basic digital output

from machine import Pin
myOutput = Pin(<GPIO NUMBER>, Pin.OUT) # Check the schematic of your badge to find the numbers which can be entered here
myOutput.value(True) # Set the pin state to 1 or "HIGH"

Interrupts

(To-Do)

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

(To-Do)

Wakeup from deep-sleep

(To-Do)

3.14 - _buttons

3.15 - consts

3.16 - eink

3.17 - erc12864

3.18 - esp32_ulp

3.19 - espnow

3.20 - hub75

3.21 - keyboard

3.22 - mpu6050

3.23 - neopixel

IMPORTANT NOTE TO MCH2022 BADGE USERS!

The Neopixel library was reimplemented. Totally differently. Then we forgot to rename it. You can find some pointers on how to use it in the MCH2022 MicroPython docs

Sorry about that.

Import the library and start the driver

import neopixel
neopixel.enable()

Sending data to the LEDs

Once you have enabled the driver you can start sending data. The driver expects a bytes object containing a byte per channel. The exact meaning of these bytes depends on the type of addressable leds your device uses. The easiest way to generate the needed bytes object is by converting a list into one by wrapping it with bytes().

import neopixel
neopixel.enable()

ledData = [0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00]
neopixel.send(bytes(ledData))

You can easily repeat patterns by using a simple Python trick: you can “multiply” a list by an amount to have python repeat the list that amount of times. The next example shows this, expecting 3 channels per led and 12 leds to be on the badge. If this is the case then all LEDs on the badge should light up in the same color.

import neopixel
neopixel.enable()

ledData = [0xFF,0x00,0x00] * 12
neopixel.send(bytes(ledData))

Turning all LEDs off

import neopixel
neopixel.enable()

number_of_channels = 3
number_of_leds = 12
ledData = [0x00] * number_of_channels * number_of_leds

neopixel.send(bytes(ledData))
neopixel.disable()

3.24 - opus

Encoding data

To encode data, you have to know the sampling rate and number of channels and create an Encoder:

import opus
sampling_rate = 8000
stereo = False
encoder = opus.Encoder(sampling_rate, stereo)

Then you can use the encoder to encode audio frames. Those may have lengths of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 60 milliseconds. Input data should be of type bytes or bytearray and contain 16-bit signed integers:

# One frame of data containing 480 null samples
input = bytearray(960)
# Encode the data, using at most 128 bytes for the frame. This would be around 2 kByte/s. At 8 kHz sampling rates, opus will use around 1 kByte/s for mono audio.
output = encoder.encode(input, 128)

Each encoded frame has some metadata at the beginning containing the channel, frequency, and the encoded size of the frame. This allows combining frames into one packet.

Decoding data

Decoders do not take any arguments with their constructor, because they take the necessary information from their input frames:

import opus
decoder = opus.Decoder()

The created decoder can handle any data created by opus.Encoder, even if the number of channels or the sampling rate differs - it will get reinitialized to match the new settings.

encoder = opus.Encoder(8000, 0)
decoder = opus.Decoder()

input = bytearray(960)
encoded = encoder.encode(input, 128)
decoded = decoder.decode(encoded)

3.25 - rgb

3.26 - samd

3.27 - sndmixer

(This page is still an ongoing effort and might contain mistakes.)

Starting the audio subsystem

The sound-mixer task runs on the second CPU core of the ESP32 and is able to mix together multiple auto streams and feed them to the DAC of your device.

The sound-mixer task needs to be started before any other audio related function can be used. Starting the sound-mxier task is done using the following API command:

import sndmixer
sndmixer.begin(<number-of-channels>, <enable-stereo>)

Starting the sound-mixer with only one channel and with stereo enabled (sndmixer.begin(1, True)) results in the best audio quality but does not allow you to play multiple audiostreams at the same time. We recommend you start the sound-mixer task with an amount of channels you actually plan on using.

Note: it is currently not possible to stop the sound-mixer task, change the number of channels or stereo mode without restarting your badge. We’re working on adding this functionality in the future.

Playing MP3 music

MP3 files can be played by reading the MP3 compressed sample data from a bytearray buffer or by reading from a stream by means of the file-descriptor.

Playing an MP3 file directly from a bytearray has the added benefit that you can play the MP3 file multiple times at the same time. This allows you to create basic soundboard effects where the same sample can be triggered while it is already playing.

Playing an MP3 file from a stream (fd) allows for playing larger files without loading them fully into ram before playing, this is usefull for background music as longer MP3 files can be played easily. This method can also be used to play MP3 streams directly from the internet.

Playing an MP3 file using the bytearray method

# Preparation: start the sound-mixer task
import sndmixer
sndmixer.begin(2, True)

# First we load the MP3 file into memory
with open("music.mp3", "rb") as fd:
  mp3data = fd.read()

# Then we play the mp3 file
audioStreamId = sndmixer.mp3(mp3data)

# Now that the stream is playing we can set the volume (0-255)
sndmixer.volume(audioStreamId, 50)

Playing an MP3 file using the stream method

# Preparation: start the sound-mixer task
import sndmixer
sndmixer.begin(2, True)

# First we create a file-descriptor pointing to the MP3 file
mp3file = open("music.mp3", "rb")

# Then we play the mp3 file by passing the file-descriptor to the sound-mixer task
audioStreamId = sndmixer.mp3_stream(mp3file)

# Now that the stream is playing we can set the volume (0-255)
sndmixer.volume(audioStreamId, 50)

Playing opus-encoded data

Playback of opus works the same as MP3. You just have to replace mp3 with opus:

import sndmixer
sndmixer.begin(2, True)
sndmixer.opus_stream(open('snd.opus', 'rb'))

Opus data is expected to have frames formed like this: u8: channels | u8: sampling_rate / 400 | u16: len | u8[len]: data, where data is the actual opus-encoded data. This is the format produced by the opus module.

Playing tracker music

The sound-mixer can play mod, s3m and other tracker music files (your mileage may vary).

# Preparation: start the sound-mixer task
import sndmixer
sndmixer.begin(2, True)

# First we load the tracker music file into memory
with open("music.s3m", "rb") as fd:
  moddata = fd.read()

# Then we play the tracker music file
audioStreamId = sndmixer.mod(moddata)

# Now that the stream is playing we can set the volume (0-255)
sndmixer.volume(audioStreamId, 50)

Playing wave files

This is ment for playing short sound effects or samples. You could even generate the samples using python if you wanted to!

# Preparation: start the sound-mixer task
import sndmixer
sndmixer.begin(2, True)

# First we load the wave file into memory
with open("music.wav", "rb") as fd:
  wavdata = fd.read()

# Then we play the wave file
audioStreamId = sndmixer.wav(wavdata)

# Now that the stream is playing we can set the volume (0-255)
sndmixer.volume(audioStreamId, 50)

Synthesizer

A (very) basic synthesizer is available as well. It currently generates sine, square and saw waves at a frequency and volume of your choosing. Each waveform generated uses one mixer channel.

# Preparation: start the sound-mixer task
import sndmixer
sndmixer.begin(3, True)

# Create the synthesizer channel
synthId = sndmixer.synth()

# Set the volume of the synthesizer channel
sndmixer.volume(synthId, 50)

# Set the frequency to 100Hz
sndmixer.freq(synthId, 100)

3.28 - ssd1306

3.29 - umqtt

3.30 - ussl

The ussl API provides low-level SSL encryption and certificate verification functions and is used by other APIs such as urequests.

Reference

3.31 - voltages

4 - Jupyter Notebook

When coding the badge in (micro)python, it can be useful to use a Jupyter Notebook. This allows you to keep a ‘scratch pad’ of code snippets that you can easily and quickly adapt and run on the badge, without having to manually copy-paste code between your editor and the REPL all the time.

Normally a Jupyter Notebook would run the python code on your development machine. To make it run the code on your badge instead, you use the Jupyter MicroPython Kernel.

You can see a quick video of a notebook in action here.

Installation

This setup works best with Python 3. The easiest way to install is to create a virtualenv:

~$ mkdir badgehacking
~$ cd badgehacking
~/badgehacking$ python3 -m venv environment
~/badgehacking$ source environment/bin/activate

Install jupyter:

~/badgehacking$ pip install jupyter

Download and install the Jupyter MicroPython Kernel:

~/badgehacking$ git clone https://github.com/goatchurchprime/jupyter_micropython_kernel.git
~/badgehacking$ pip install -e jupyter_micropython_kernel
~/badgehacking$ python -m jupyter_micropython_kernel.install

If all went well, jupyter should now show micropython in the list of available kernels:

~/badgehacking$ jupyter kernelspec list
Available kernels:
  micropython    /home/aengelen/.local/share/jupyter/kernels/micropython
  python3        /home/aengelen/badgehacking/environment/share/jupyter/kernels/python3

Usage

To start the notebook, first enter the virtualenv again:

~$ cd badgehacking
~/badgehacking$ source environment/bin/activate

Start Jupyter:

~/badgehacking$ jupyter notebook

This should start the jupyter server on your machine, and open a browser window to interact with it. In that browser window, choose ‘New…’ and select ‘MicroPython - USB’. This will open a new MicroPython-enabled Notebook.

This will show a page with a ‘block’ that accepts python code. You can use Ctrl+Enter to execute the code in the block, and Alt+Enter to create a new block.

Before you can execute any commands, you will need to connect the notebook to your badge via the serial bus by adding the special command %serialconnect to a block and executing it. When you see Ready. the connection was succesful. On some badges you need to issue this command twice.

Limitations

Currently, a disadvantage of the Jupyter Notebook over using the REPL directly is that code completion (tab completion) is not yet supported in the Jupyter MicroPython Kernel. Jupyter does support completion with other kernels, so it is likely possible to add this feature in the future.

Links

The documentation for the Jupyter MicroPython Kernel is quite good.